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Useful Tropical Plants

Pterocarpus santalinus

L.f.

Fabaceae

+ Synonyms

Lingoum santalinum (L.f.) Kuntze

Common Name: Red Saunders

Pterocarpus santalinus
Tree
Photograph by: J.M.Garg
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0
Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus santalinus

General Information

Pterocarpus santalinus is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree with a rather dense, rounded crown; growing from 10 - 20 metres tall[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. A relatively slow-growing tree, it usually has an erect bole with a diameter of 30 - 50cm[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
].
A very valuable tree, widely exploited from the wild and traded for its wood, dyestuff and several medicinal uses. It supplies a very good timber - it is one of 33 species named as being a suitable Hongmu (red wood) timber, used for producing high quality Chinese furniture following traditions from the Ming and Quing dynasty, which makes it a particularly valuable wood[
1791
Title
The Hongmu Challenge; A briefing for the 66th meeting of the CITES Standing Committee, January 2016
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.eia-global.org
Publisher
Environmental Investigation Agency; London
Year
2016
ISBN
 
Description
Lists the 33 species used in making Hungmu furniture and the degree of over-exploitation plus recommendations for protecting them.
]. It is also the source of a red dye that was used extensively before the advent of chemical dyes, and has a range of medicinal uses. It is sometimes planted for its timber and is also grown for the dyestuff it yields and as a windbreak for Citrus plantations[
317
Title
Mansfeld's Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:4292127278597336
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Terse details of a huge range of useful plants.
,
2020
Title
Trade in Indian Medicinal Plants
Publication
Ethnobotany of India Vol 5., 321-345, 2018
Author
D.K.Ved, S.Noorunnisa Begum, & K.Ravi Kumar
Publisher
Apple Academic Press; Oakville, Canada
Year
2018
ISBN
978-1-77188-600-0
Description
 
].
Pterocarpus santalinus only has a small natural range in southern India, and has been overexploited in the past for timber, dyestuff and medicines. The population is still declining due to the illegal harvest of mature individuals to provide the much sought after timber, Red Sandalwood. There is also decline in the quality and extent of the species native habitat due to human pressures on the landscape, for example, livestock grazing. The plant is classified as 'Near Threatened' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2018)[
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. The species is currently protected under national and international trade regulations. The conservation focus is on reducing the illegal harvest of the species and establishing cultivated areas of the tree to reduce risk to wild stock[
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References


Range

E. Asia - southeastern India.

Habitat

Dry, deciduous forests in hilly and often rocky ground at elevations from 150 - 1,000 metres[
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
,
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. It prefers moderate slopes, low ridges and spurs, but is also found on quite steep hillsides[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].

Properties

Conservation StatusNear Threatened
Edibility Rating *  *
Medicinal Rating *  *  *
Other Uses Rating *  *  *  *
HabitDeciduous Tree
Height15.00 m
Growth RateSlow
PollinatorsBees
Self-fertileYes
Cultivation StatusCultivated, Wild

Cultivation Details

Pterocarpus santalinus is a tree of tropical areas with a distinct dry season, where it is found at elevations from 150 - 1,000 metres[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. It grows best in areas where the mean annual temperature is within the range 26 - 32°c, but can tolerate 7 - 46°c[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. It is killed by temperatures falling below 0°c[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall of 1,000 - 1,900mm, tolerating 875 - 2,800mm[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
].
Grows best in a sunny position[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. Prefers a medium to light, acid soil, succeeding in soils of low fertility[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 5.5, but tolerates 4.5 - 6.5[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
].
natural fruit set is a consequence of pollinator activity
The pollination ecology is vulnerable to the dry and hot conditions of the tree's native habitat, with most pollinator activity occurring.during moonlit night and early morning hours. Self-compatibility through geitonogamy is virtually inevitable in order for the species to produce fruits in situations when pollinators are scarce[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
The shoots of young trees usually die off each year in the hot, dry season, though the roots increase in size[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]. Eventually the shoots become strong enough to withstand the hot, dry winds and the plant then develops into a tree[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
The trees mature and are cut when around 100-120 years old[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
].
The trees respond well to coppicing, and also produce suckers[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
A coppice rotation of about 40 years is often practiced, though in some areas the tree is only allowed to grow for 3 years before being coppiced and the dye extracted[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
].
This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[
200
Title
The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
Publication
 
Author
Huxley. A.
Publisher
MacMillan Press
Year
1992
ISBN
0-333-47494-5
Description
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
].

Edible Uses

The heartwood is ground to a powder and used as the source of a red food colouring in a range of foods, but especially in commercial spice blends and sauces[
301
Title
Cornucopia II
Publication
 
Author
Facciola. S.
Publisher
Kampong Publications, California.
Year
1998
ISBN
0-9628087-2-5
Description
The second edition of an excellent guide to the edible uses of plants, though it does not give any details of cultivation etc.
]. It imparts orange-red shades and also a sweet-spicy flavour. In Europe it is classified as a 'spice extract' rather than a food colorant[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].

Medicinal

The wood, used in the form of a powder or chips, is antiinflammatory, astringent and tonic[
307
Title
Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Publication
 
Author
Barwick. M.
Publisher
Thames & Hudson, London
Year
2004
ISBN
0-500-51181-0
Description
A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
]. A paste of the wood is brewed as a tea in the treatment of chronic dysentery and is used to make a treatment for diabetes and as a boost for the immune system[
307
Title
Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Publication
 
Author
Barwick. M.
Publisher
Thames & Hudson, London
Year
2004
ISBN
0-500-51181-0
Description
A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
,
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].
A decoction of the wood and bark, taken orally, relieves chronic dysentery, worms, haemorrhages, vomiting of blood, weak vision and hallucinations[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]. The stem bark powder, mixed with soft porridge, has been used in treating diarrhoea[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]. Cups made up with the wood have traditionally been used for drinking water as a treatment of diabetes[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
The wood is an ingredient of many medicinal oils and pharmaceutical preparations in India[
304
Title
Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants
Publication
 
Author
Kapoor. L. D.
Publisher
CRC Press, Florida.
Year
2001
ISBN
0-8493-2929-9
Description
A very detailed book on some of the key Ayurvedic herbs, giving both technical and non-technical information on each plant. The whole is very well referenced.
].
The powdered wood is applied topically to control bleeding piles and inflammation[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
The heartwood is made into a paste with water, honey, ghee and oil, then applied a collyrium to alleviate defects of vision. Considered to be a cooling application, the paste is also used topically for treating boils and other skin eruptions and diseases, infections, inflammations, bone fractures, leprosy, spider poisoning, scorpion stings, hiccough, ulcers, general debility and metal aberrations[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]. It is also applied to the forehead to relieve headaches[
304
Title
Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants
Publication
 
Author
Kapoor. L. D.
Publisher
CRC Press, Florida.
Year
2001
ISBN
0-8493-2929-9
Description
A very detailed book on some of the key Ayurvedic herbs, giving both technical and non-technical information on each plant. The whole is very well referenced.
,
307
Title
Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Publication
 
Author
Barwick. M.
Publisher
Thames & Hudson, London
Year
2004
ISBN
0-500-51181-0
Description
A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
,
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]

A decoction of the fruits is used as an astringent tonic to cure chronic dysentery and to check dermatological conditions including psoriasis[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].

A ligand isolated from the heartwood is known to inhibit tumor activity[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
The aurone glycosides isolated from the heartwood have been reported to exhibit antiplasmodial activity, and have been used as a potential antileishmanial drug[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
Methanol and aqueous extracts of the heartwood have shown antihepatotoxicity activity[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
Himoliv, a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation containing this species, has been reported to possess hepatoprotective activity[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
The stem bark extract was shown to contain maximum activity against Enterobacter aerogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].
A leaf extract also showed maximum activity against Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]
An ethanolic stem bark extract is known to possess antihyperglycaemic activity[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].

Agroforestry Uses:

Grown as a windbreak tree for Citrus plantations[
317
Title
Mansfeld's Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:4292127278597336
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Terse details of a huge range of useful plants.
].

Other Uses

Santalin, a red colouring material, is obtained from the dark red to black heartwood[
317
Title
Mansfeld's Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:4292127278597336
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Terse details of a huge range of useful plants.
]. A deep red dye, it is used locally and commercially for colouring silk, cotton etc and as caste sign. It is also used to colour foods and pharmaceutical preparations[
317
Title
Mansfeld's Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:4292127278597336
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Terse details of a huge range of useful plants.
,
454
Title
Useful Fiber Plants of the World
Publication
 
Author
Dodge C.R.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
Publisher
USDA; Washington.
Year
1897
ISBN
 
Description
A rather dated, but very comprehensive catalogue of fibre plants from around the world. The book can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].

The extracted oil is used as a rejuvenating face cream[
307
Title
Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Publication
 
Author
Barwick. M.
Publisher
Thames & Hudson, London
Year
2004
ISBN
0-500-51181-0
Description
A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
].
An extract of the stem is used as a hair conditioner in commercial cosmetic productions[
1243
Title
CosIng
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
CosIng is the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients.
]
An extract of the wood is used as an astringent and tonic in commercial cosmetic preparations[
1243
Title
CosIng
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
CosIng is the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients.
].
The wood powder is used as a skin conditioner in commercial cosmetic preparations[
1243
Title
CosIng
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
CosIng is the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients.
].

The wood is used as an incense base, both for its fragrance in Myanmar and also as Tibetan medicine[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]

The wood and bark are sources of tannin[
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
,
454
Title
Useful Fiber Plants of the World
Publication
 
Author
Dodge C.R.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
Publisher
USDA; Washington.
Year
1897
ISBN
 
Description
A rather dated, but very comprehensive catalogue of fibre plants from around the world. The book can be downloaded from the Internet.
].

A fibre is obtained from the inner bark[
454
Title
Useful Fiber Plants of the World
Publication
 
Author
Dodge C.R.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
Publisher
USDA; Washington.
Year
1897
ISBN
 
Description
A rather dated, but very comprehensive catalogue of fibre plants from around the world. The book can be downloaded from the Internet.
]. It is reddish in colour, composed of quite fine filaments with moderate strength. A twisted cord of the fibre, about the size of common manila-paper twine, would show about the same tenacity. It would doubtless make a good paper stock, if it could be cheaply extracted and in large quantities[
454
Title
Useful Fiber Plants of the World
Publication
 
Author
Dodge C.R.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
Publisher
USDA; Washington.
Year
1897
ISBN
 
Description
A rather dated, but very comprehensive catalogue of fibre plants from around the world. The book can be downloaded from the Internet.
].

The heartwood is orange-red when first cut, turning dark claret-red to almost black; the sapwood is white[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]. The wood is heavy and extremely hard[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
]. A beautiful and valuable wood, the fragrant, red heartwood is used for expensive furniture, cabinet making, musical instruments, carving etc, whilst it is also valued for carpentry, agricultural implements, fence posts etc[
46
Title
Dictionary of Economic Plants.
Publication
 
Author
Uphof. J. C. Th.
Publisher
Weinheim
Year
1959
ISBN
-
Description
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
,
307
Title
Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Publication
 
Author
Barwick. M.
Publisher
Thames & Hudson, London
Year
2004
ISBN
0-500-51181-0
Description
A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
,
418
Title
Ecocrop
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
Basic information on a wide range of useful plants, plus details of environmental needs where available.
,
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
]. The wood is much used for carving statues etc[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]. Wood with a wavy grain has very unusual acoustic properties and is in high demand in Japan for the manufacture of 'shamisen' a traditional musical instrument[
2057
Title
A Review on Pterocarpus santalinus Linn
Publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4 (2), 282-292, 2015
Author
Azamthulla M. et al
Publisher
 
Year
2015
ISBN
2277-7105
Description
 
].

Propagation

Seed -
Cite as: Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2024-12-06. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Pterocarpus+santalinus>

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