Common Name:

General Information

Phyllanthus muellerianus is a deciduous or evergreen shrub with numerous, more or less straggling stems from the base and sometimes with a climbing habit; it also sometimes becomes more tree-like in habit. It can grow up to 12 metres tall[, ].
A multipurpose plant, it is widely used medicinally and also provides food and various materials.

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

Range

Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, south to Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.

Habitat

Riverine vegetation and fringing forest; dry evergreen forest and thicket (mateshi); high rainfall miombo and chipya woodlands; also in swamp forest (mushitu); dambo edges; tall grassland; at elevations from sea level to 1,750 metres[, ].

Properties

Weed Potential	Yes
Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Semi-deciduous Shrub
Height	5.00 m
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

The plant is reported as a weed of rice fields in parts of Nigeria - this is plainly caused by a lack of timely cultivation[, ].
The plant can be coppiced[].

Edible Uses

The fruits are edible and slightly acidic[, ]. The red to black, fleshy, almost globose fruit is 3 - 4mm in diameter, containing six seeds[].

The clear sap that flows from the cut stems is considered drinkable[, ].

The bark is sometimes added to palm wine to render it strongly intoxicating[, ]. Consuming the drink may give rise to a sort of frenzy[].

The leaves are sometimes used as a supplement - cooked with food or in soup as a seasoning[, ].

Medicinal

The plant is widely used in traditional medicine, especially to treat intestinal troubles[].
A preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves and stem bark showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and anthraquinones.
A leaf extract showed moderate antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity in mammalian cell lines[].
Both the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity of the extracts was relatively stable at high temperatures and was enhanced at low pH. In another test a chloroform extract showed high antifungal activity against Candida albicans and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli[].

An infusion of the young shoots is taken to treat severe dysentery and chest complaints[, ]. A decoction of the leaves is taken to treat anaemia and constipation[, ]. The twigs are sucked to prevent toothache[]. The roasted powdered twigs are eaten with plant ash to treat dysmenorrhoea[]. The leaves are eaten, together with young leaves of Funtumia elastica, to improve male fertility[]. The leaves, boiled with palm fruits, are a general tonic and are given as a soup to women after giving birth[, ].
The pounded fresh leaves are commonly applied as a wound dressing[, ]. A leaf decoction is used as a mouthwash to treat toothache, after which the cooked leaves are applied to the gums[, ]. A leaf extract is used as a bath and a vapour bath to treat venereal diseases[].
The leaf sap, or the sap from the thick hollow stem, is applied as eye drops to treat pain in the eyes, eye infections or to remove a foreign body[, ]. The leaf-sap is used as a wash when treating fevers and skin-eruptions[]. The pulped leafy twigs are rubbed on the body to treat paralysis[].
Stem ash is applied to scarifications to treat rheumatism and intercostal pain[].

A maceration of the leaves and roots is used to wash the body to treat rash with fever in children[].

A decoction of the young leafy twigs and young roots is mildly purgative. It is taken to treat jaundice, dysentry and urethral discharges[, ].

The roots are widely used to treat intestinal problems. They are cooked, sometimes with maize meal or other plants, as a remedy for severe dysentery. Powdered, roasted and mixed with palm oil, they are taken to treat stomach problems and as an anti-emetic. The liquid from roots pounded in water is drunk to treat diarrhoea. Boiled roots are also applied as enema to treat stomach-ache[, ]. A decoction is also used as a febrifuge, and to treat anaemia, hard abscesses, throat troubles with glandular fever etc[]. A decoction of the root, which is cut into small pieces and combined with the roots of Psychotria calva and Harrisonia abyssinica, is drunk as a treatment for coughs and whooping-cough[]. A decoction is drunk, and also used as a vapour-bath on the exposed genitals, to act as a pelvic decongestant[].
The dried and powdered roots, combined with the stem bark, are sprinkled on wounds as a dressing[, ].
The dried and powdered roots are used as a snuff to treat a sore throat, cough, pneumonia and enlarged glands[].

A root bark decoction is taken as an alterative and febrifuge[, ]. Fresh root bark is crushed and macerated in water or palm wine, and the liquid drunk as an aphrodisiac[]. A root bark decoction is applied to swellings and is drunk to treat gonorrhoea[, ].
A bark decoction is taken to treat a sore throat, cough, pneumonia and enlarged glands[].
The dried bark powder is sniffed to treat colds and sinusitis[, ].

A flower infusion is cooling and gently aperient[, ].

Other Uses

A brown dye obtained from the bark is used to dye mats and fishing lines[].
From the whole plant a black dye is obtained used to colour fibres[].

The young branches are used to make fish traps and basketry[].

The twigs, with their spines removed, are used as chew-sticks to clean the teeth and maintain oral hygiene[, ].

The fruit pulp is used as a hair fixative[, ].

The wood is used for rafters and other construction work[].
The younger stems are considered to be an excellent firewood, though branches thicker than 15cm usually become hollow and are less used[, ].

Propagation

Seed -
Stem cuttings.

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