Common Name: Parsley

General Information

Petroselinum crispum is an erect, branched, biennial to short-lived perennial plant growing about 60cm tall.
Parsley is one of the most popular of culinary herbs, it is commonly cultivated for its edible leaves and also has a range of medicinal and other uses[].

Known Hazards

Parsley is said to contain the alleged 'psychotroph' myristicine[].
Excessive contact with the plant can cause skin inflammation[].
Although perfectly safe to eat and nutritious in amounts that are given in recipes, parsley is toxic in excess, especially when used as an essential oil[].

Botanical References

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Range

Probably originally native to the Balkans in Europe and to northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria), the plant is naturalized through Europe and elsewhere

Habitat

Grassy waste places on walls and rocks[], especially on limestone and near the coast[].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Biennial/Perennial
Height	0.60 m
Pollinators	Insects
Self-fertile	Yes
Cultivation Status	Cultivated, Wild

Cultivation Details

A plant of the temperate zone, it can also be cultivated in the subtropics and tropics. Parsley, particularly the more upright forms, grows reasonably well at low elevations in the tropics, though better crops are generally obtained at elevations above 600 metres[, ]. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 11 - 20°c, but can tolerate 7 - 28°c[]. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -5°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at 0°c[]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 900 - 1,500mm, but tolerates 300 - 2,800mm[].
Prefers a moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade[, , , , , ]. High temperatures can adversely affect growth, so light shade is often helpful[]. Prefers a good light soil that is not too light or acid[], growing poorly in light acid soils[]. Tolerant of a moderate level of salt in the soil[]. Prefers a pH in the range 6 - 7.5, tolerating 5.3 - 8.3[].
Leaves may be harvested 70 - 100 days after transplanting, and harvesting may continue for as long as local climatic conditions allow[].
Three main groups of varieties have developed over a period of time and these have been grouped into subspecies as detailed below:-
Petroselinum crispum crispum. The curly leafed forms of parsley. This is the more ornamental form, especially when used as a dressing in salads, cooked meals etc. It also has a milder flavour. However the curly leaves tend to hold on to surface water and so they are more likely to contract fungal diseases in the winter.
Petroselinum crispum neapolitanum Danert. Italian parsley. This has flat, or plain leaves and is considered to have a stronger flavour. This group is also hardier, in part at least because the leaves can shed water easily.
Petroselinum crispum tuberosum (Bernh.)Crov. Hamburg parsley is a very distinct form with a swollen root that is used as a vegetable. The leaves are not of such good quality as the preceding forms, but can still be used as a flavouring.
Parsley has a long history of use. The ancient Greeks believed that it sprang from the blood of Archemorus, the forerunner of death, and so did not eat it but used it for making wreaths to adorn the dead[]. The Romans wore garlands of it at feasts in the belief that it would prevent intoxication[]. They kept it away from nursing mothers, however, believing that it could cause epilepsy in the infant[].
Parsley is superficially similar to several poisonous species, including Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium)[]. Great care should be exercised if harvesting the plant from the wild[, ].
A good bee plant[, , ].
A good companion plant, especially for growing near roses, tomatoes, carrots, chives and asparagus[, , , ], giving them all added vigour and protection against certain pests, especially carrot root fly and rose beetles[].

Edible Uses

Leaves - raw or cooked[, , , , , , ]. Parsley is frequently used as a garnish or as a flavouring in salads and many cooked dishes, but has too strong a flavour to be eaten in quantity for most palates. It is an ingredient of the herb mix 'bouquet garni'[]. The leaves should be harvested regularly in order to encourage fresh growth and get maximum yields[]. The leaves are difficult to dry but are easily frozen[]. For drying they require a well-ventilated room that receives long hours of sunlight - the leaves need to be quite crisp if they are to store[]. Very rich in iron, iodine and magnesium, parsley is also a good source of other minerals and the vitamins A, B and C[, ].

The stems can be dried and ground and used as a food colouring[].

A tea is made from the fresh or dried leaves, it is rich in vitamin C[, ].

An essential oil is obtained mainly from the leaves - it is used as a commercial food flavouring[]. The leaves yields about 1% essential oil, whilst about 6% is obtained from the seed[]. Some caution is advised on the use of this plant, especially the essential oil. See the notes above on toxicity.

Medicinal

Parsley is a commonly grown culinary and medicinal herb that is often used as a domestic medicine. The fresh leaves are highly nutritious and can be considered a natural vitamin and mineral supplement in their own right[]. The plants prime use is as a diuretic where it is effective in ridding the body of stones and in treating jaundice, dropsy, cystitis etc[, ]. It is also a good detoxifier, helping the body to get rid of toxins via the urine and therefore helping in the treatment of a wide range of diseases such as rheumatism[]. The seed is a safe herb at normal doses, but in excess it can have toxic effects[]. Parsley should not be used by pregnant women because it is used to stimulate menstrual flow and can therefore provoke a miscarriage[, ].
All parts of the plant can be used medicinally, the root is the part most often used though the seeds have a stronger action. Parsley is antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic and tonic[, , , , , , ]. An infusion of the roots and seeds is taken after childbirth to promote lactation and help contract the uterus[]. Parsley is also a mild laxative and is useful for treating anaemia and convalescents[].

Caution is advised on the internal use of this herb, especially in the form of the essential oil. Excessive doses can cause liver and kidney damage, nerve inflammation and gastro-intestinal haemorrhage[]. It should not be prescribed for pregnant women or people with kidney diseases[].

A poultice of the leaves has been applied externally to soothe bites and stings[, ], it is also said to be of value in treating tumours of a cancerous nature[]. It has been used to treat eye infections, whilst a wad of cotton soaked in the juice will relieve toothache or earache[]. It is also said to prevent hair loss and to make freckles disappear[].
If the leaves are kept close to the breasts of a nursing mother for a few days, the milk flow will cease[].

Agroforestry Uses:

A good companion plant, repelling insects from nearby plants[, ].

Other Uses

The juice is an effective mosquito repellent when it is rubbed into the skin and is also used to relieve the pain of stings and bites[, ].

An essential oil obtained from the plant is used in perfumeries for men[].

An infusion of the leaves is an excellent rinse for dark hair and also helps in the treatment of dandruff[].

Propagation

Seed - sow in containers or a seedbed and plant out when about 10cm tall. Germination usually takes place in about 7 days at 25°c, though it can take 4 - 6 weeks[]. Germination time can be reduced by pre-soaking the seed for 12 hours in hot water that is allowed to cool quickly, but be careful not to overdo the heat and cook the seed[].
The seed remains viable in normal storage for 2 - 3 years.

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