Common Name:

General Information

Fraxinus griffithii is a semideciduous tree growing up to 50 metres tall, but only to 20 metres in China. The bole is up to 90cm in diameter[, ].
The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and source of wood. It was at one time believed to be an opium substitute but, although the smell is similar, it does not contain opiates. It is a natural pioneer species and can be used in reforestation projects, is sometimes grown as a shade tree in coffee plantations and sometimes also as a wayside tree[].
Although Fraxinus griffithii is a pioneer species, it does not appear to be common or dominant anywhere in South-East Asia. Because it grows in unstable vegetation types in Malesia, it is likely to be at risk from fire or changing land use[]. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2018)[].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

Range

E. Asia - China, southern Japan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.

Habitat

A pioneer species, growing on old lava flows, open rain forest or in Casuarina junghuhniana forest at elevations from near sea level to 1,700 metres, more commonly above 1,100 metres[]. To 2,000 metres in China[].

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Semi-deciduous Tree
Height	20.00 m
Cultivation Status	Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Fraxinus griffithii is a plant of warm temperate, subtropical and tropical monsoon climates in eastern Asia, where it can be found from near sea level to 2.000 metres[, ].

Edible Uses

None known

Medicinal

The leaves have been used as an opium substitute in Pancur (Besuki, East Java). The leaves were dried, crushed and mixed with tobacco to make cigars wrapped in maize bracts ('klobots'). Although smoking these leaves produced the same smell and taste as second grade opium, it did not have the same effect and it did not lessen opium addiction[].

The bark is taken as a laxative[].

The bark and leaves contain tannin, which causes the bitter taste, as well as a sweet juice that is composed mainly of mannitol and is also found in the European relative Fraxinus ornus L[].
The bark also contains the glucosides ligstrocide, syringin and sinapaldehyde glucoside, but no fraxin or fraxin-like coumarins[].
The presence of alkaloids has not been demonstrated[].

Agroforestry Uses:

The plant is sometimes grown as a shade tree in coffee plantations[].
It is frequently found as a pioneer species on old lava flows (East Java, the Philippines) or in open rain forest or in Casuarina junghuhniana forest[].
Fraxinus species in general are gross feeders with an extensive, fibrous root system, which makes transplanting easy, but means that other species will often not grow well if planted nearby, especially if they are shallow rooted[],

Other Uses

The wood is not durable. It is used for carving[].

Propagation

The seed is best harvested green - as soon as it is fully developed but before it has fully dried on the tree - and can then be sown immediately in a nursery seedbed[]. Stored seed requires a period of cold stratification and is best sown as soon as possible in a nursery seedbed[]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on until large enough to plant out.
The seed lies dormant in the ground for a whole year after falling from the tree, and transplanting from the nursery is therefore better than direct sowing. Seed may be sown as soon as it is ripe in a nursery seedbed, or can be sown after the cold season. In either case it germinates after the following cold season, either seventeen or twelve months later as the case may be. Transplanting is preferably done in the cold season, with seedhngs kept about two seasons in the nursery. During the first season the growth of the seedhng is comparatively slow, but during the second season it is usually faster, a height of 60cm being attainable by the end of the season under favourable conditions, while by the end of the third season a height of 90 - 150cm Is ordinarily attained[].

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