Chrysophyllum cainito
L.
Sapotaceae
Cainito pomiferum Tussac
Chrysophyllum bicolor Poir.
Chrysophyllum bonplandii Klotzsch. ex Miq.
Chrysophyllum caeruleum Jacq.
Chrysophyllum jamaicense Jacq.
Chrysophyllum maliforme L.
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum Spreng.
Chrysophyllum ottonis Klotzsch ex Miq.
Chrysophyllum sericeum Salisb.
Cynodendron bicolour (Poir.) Baehni
Common Name: Star Apple
Fruits from several cultivars
Photograph by: W.A. Djatmiko
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0
General Information
Star apple is an evergreen shrub or tree with a low, spreading crown. It usually grows from 4 - 20 metres tall, though there are reports of trees up to 35 metres tall[
335- Title
- Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics : an Inventory
- Publication
-
- Author
- Martin, F. W.; Campbell, C. W.; Rubertbe, R. M.
- Publisher
- U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
- Year
- 1987
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A booklet giving terse details of almost 300 species of edible fruits, plus regional lists of Botanical and Common names for over 2,500 less well-known edible fruits of the tropics.
,
404- Title
- Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com
- Publisher
- www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com; Phnom Penh
- Year
- 2008
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A very detailed booklet, produced in PDF format on the internet, giving information on around 100 species of trees.
,
416- Title
- Brazilian Fruits and Cultivated Exotics
- Publication
-
- Author
- Lorenzi. H.; Bacher. L.; Lacerda. M.; Sartori. S.
- Publisher
- Instituto Plantarum De Estudos Da Flora LTDA; Brazil.
- Year
- 2000
- ISBN
- 85-867174-24-0
- Description
- A superb book, giving information on several hundred fruit species. Each entry has a brief description of the plant and its uses, accompanied by one to many excellent quality photographs of the fruits.
]. The usually straight and cylindrical bole is often fluted or spurred at the base; it can be up to 60cm in diameter[
320- Title
- Trees Commonly Cultivated in SE Asia
- Publication
-
- Author
- Jensen. M.
- Publisher
- FAO Regional Office, Bangkok.
- Year
- 1999
- ISBN
- 974-89377-5-5
- Description
-
,
404- Title
- Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com
- Publisher
- www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com; Phnom Penh
- Year
- 2008
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A very detailed booklet, produced in PDF format on the internet, giving information on around 100 species of trees.
].
The tree produces a very popular fruit as well as having a wide range of local medicinal uses and a good quality wood. It is widely cultivated in tropical regions for its fruit; and is often grown as an ornamental garden fruit crop[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. As an ornamental it is particularly valued for its foliage, which is bright blue-green above and coppery beneath, creating an attractive contrast when stirred by the wind[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
Known Hazards
None known
Botanical References
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
Range
Central America - Belize; Caribbean - Cayman Islands, Jamaica.
Habitat
Humid woodlands at low to medium elevations[
307- Title
- Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Barwick. M.
- Publisher
- Thames & Hudson, London
- Year
- 2004
- ISBN
- 0-500-51181-0
- Description
- A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
].
Properties
Edibility Rating | |
Medicinal Rating | |
Other Uses Rating | |
Habit | Evergreen Tree |
Height | 18.00 m |
Growth Rate | Medium |
Self-fertile | Yes |
Cultivation Status | Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild |
Cultivation Details
Star apple grows successfully in a range of tropical or near tropical areas. Throughout Southeast Asia it thrives in the lowlands, up to 400 metres elevation, and in areas with a distinct dry season[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. If the dry period is most pronounced, undue loss of leaves and less juicy or even shrivelled fruit are evident, which indicates that the drought is too severe and irrigation is needed[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. The temperature range for growth is reported to be 12 - 35°c with the optimum between 22 - 38°c[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. Mature trees are seriously injured by temperatures below -2°c and recover slowly. Young trees may be killed by even short exposure to -0.5°c[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The annual rainfall range for growth is reported to be 800 - 2,200mm with the optimum between 1,000 - 1,400mm303].
Requires a moist, well-drained soil[
296- Title
- Tropical Food Gardens
- Publication
-
- Author
- Norrington. L.
- Publisher
- Bloomings Books (Melbourne)
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
- 1-876473-41-x
- Description
- Excellent little book giving some basic information on a range of plants.
]. Prefers a deep, rich loam[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
]. Fertile, well drained and slightly acid soils are ideal for good growth, though the plant can succeed on almost all types of soil[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. Prefers a sunny position[
307- Title
- Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Barwick. M.
- Publisher
- Thames & Hudson, London
- Year
- 2004
- ISBN
- 0-500-51181-0
- Description
- A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
]. Established plants are tolerant of drought[
307- Title
- Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Barwick. M.
- Publisher
- Thames & Hudson, London
- Year
- 2004
- ISBN
- 0-500-51181-0
- Description
- A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
].
Trees take about 5 - 10 years to produce fruit from seed[
296- Title
- Tropical Food Gardens
- Publication
-
- Author
- Norrington. L.
- Publisher
- Bloomings Books (Melbourne)
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
- 1-876473-41-x
- Description
- Excellent little book giving some basic information on a range of plants.
,
377- Title
- Trade Winds Fruit
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- The on-line catalogue of a company selling seeds. Gives descriptions, photos and uses of a very wide range of fruit and other food-producing plants plus ornamentals.
]. Grafted plants can start to fruit in 2 - 4 years[
377- Title
- Trade Winds Fruit
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- The on-line catalogue of a company selling seeds. Gives descriptions, photos and uses of a very wide range of fruit and other food-producing plants plus ornamentals.
].
Some trees yield heavy crops of fruit, others bear little[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. Young trees are sensitive to water stress in their first year, and growth during that time is slow. Once the tree is established, growth rate and development become more rapid. Deep mulching with straw or lawn clippings, application of fertilizer and frequent dry-season watering all seem necessary for success with this species[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
The trees do not drop their fruit, making it necessary to climb the tree in order to harvest the crop[
307- Title
- Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Barwick. M.
- Publisher
- Thames & Hudson, London
- Year
- 2004
- ISBN
- 0-500-51181-0
- Description
- A superb book, very concise and well written, giving a wealth of information on 400 or more species including descriptions, habitat, cultivation details and plant uses. A wealth of colour photographs bring each plant vividly to life.
].
There are many named varieties[
301- Title
- Cornucopia II
- Publication
-
- Author
- Facciola. S.
- Publisher
- Kampong Publications, California.
- Year
- 1998
- ISBN
- 0-9628087-2-5
- Description
- The second edition of an excellent guide to the edible uses of plants, though it does not give any details of cultivation etc.
].
Star apple flowers are hermaphrodite, and the plants are usually self-fertile[
335- Title
- Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics : an Inventory
- Publication
-
- Author
- Martin, F. W.; Campbell, C. W.; Rubertbe, R. M.
- Publisher
- U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
- Year
- 1987
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A booklet giving terse details of almost 300 species of edible fruits, plus regional lists of Botanical and Common names for over 2,500 less well-known edible fruits of the tropics.
].
Edible Uses
Fruit - raw or made into preserves[
301- Title
- Cornucopia II
- Publication
-
- Author
- Facciola. S.
- Publisher
- Kampong Publications, California.
- Year
- 1998
- ISBN
- 0-9628087-2-5
- Description
- The second edition of an excellent guide to the edible uses of plants, though it does not give any details of cultivation etc.
]. A sweet flavour[
301- Title
- Cornucopia II
- Publication
-
- Author
- Facciola. S.
- Publisher
- Kampong Publications, California.
- Year
- 1998
- ISBN
- 0-9628087-2-5
- Description
- The second edition of an excellent guide to the edible uses of plants, though it does not give any details of cultivation etc.
]. The pleasantly acidic flesh is high in carbohydrate and is eaten fresh[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
]. The fruit is about 10cm in diameter[
296- Title
- Tropical Food Gardens
- Publication
-
- Author
- Norrington. L.
- Publisher
- Bloomings Books (Melbourne)
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
- 1-876473-41-x
- Description
- Excellent little book giving some basic information on a range of plants.
]. The fruit is not good unless allowed to remain on the tree until fully ripe; if picked when immature it is astringent and contains a sticky, white latex[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The skin needs to be removed since biting into it leaves a horrible stickiness in the mouth[
296- Title
- Tropical Food Gardens
- Publication
-
- Author
- Norrington. L.
- Publisher
- Bloomings Books (Melbourne)
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
- 1-876473-41-x
- Description
- Excellent little book giving some basic information on a range of plants.
]. When opening a star apple fruit, one should not allow any of the bitter latex of the skin to contact the edible fresh[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. The ripe fruit, preferably chilled, is cut in half and the flesh spooned out, leaving the seed cells and core. A better way of serving the fruit is to cut around the middle completely through the rind and then, holding the fruit stem-end down, twisting the top gently back and forth. As this is done, the flesh will be felt to free itself from the downward half of the rind, and the latter will pull away, taking with it the greater part of the core[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
An emulsion of the slightly bitter seed kernels is used to make imitation milk-of-almonds or nougat and other confections[
301- Title
- Cornucopia II
- Publication
-
- Author
- Facciola. S.
- Publisher
- Kampong Publications, California.
- Year
- 1998
- ISBN
- 0-9628087-2-5
- Description
- The second edition of an excellent guide to the edible uses of plants, though it does not give any details of cultivation etc.
].
Medicinal
The ripe fruit is eaten to sooth inflammation in laryngitis and pneumonia[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. It is given as a treatment for diabetes mellitus, and as a decoction is gargled to relieve angina[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. The fruit is used in treating haemorrhage or is cooked and used for fever[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
A decoction of the rind, or of the leaves, is taken as a pectoral[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
The undersides of the leaves are grated and applied as a poultice to wounds[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. A decoction of the leaves is taken orally to treat hypoglycaemia[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
A decoction of the tannin-rich, astringent bark is drunk as a tonic and stimulant, and is taken to halt diarrhoea, dysentery and haemorrhages, and as a treatment for gonorrhoea and catarrh of the bladder[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
,
348- Title
- Medicinal Plants of the Guianas
- Publication
-
- Author
- DeFilipps, R. A.; Maina, S. L.; & Crepin, J.
- Website
- http://botany.si.edu/bdg/medicinal/index.html
- Publisher
- Smithsonian Museum
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A down-loadable PDF document of a book in pre-publication awaiting illustration. An excellent, if rather terse, guide to the traditional medicinal uses of the plants of the region
].
The bitter, pulverized seed is taken as a tonic, diuretic and febrifuge[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
The latex of the tree is applied on abscesses and, when dried and powdered, it is given as a potent vermifuge. It is also taken as a diuretic, febrifuge and remedy for dysentery[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
Agroforestry Uses:
The branches are used as an orchid-growing medium[
320- Title
- Trees Commonly Cultivated in SE Asia
- Publication
-
- Author
- Jensen. M.
- Publisher
- FAO Regional Office, Bangkok.
- Year
- 1999
- ISBN
- 974-89377-5-5
- Description
-
].
Other Uses
A good quality paper can be obtained from the wood pulp[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
Tannins are extracted from the bark[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
The sapwood and heartwood are reddish-brown to dark brown, strong, hard but not durable, with fine to medium texture, fairly straight grain; specific gravity of 0.70[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The wood is used for general indoor construction, such as planking, light framing, flooring, interior trim, lining, shelving, cladding, panelling and partitioning. It is also suitable for mouldings, light tool handles, inlaying, carving, joinery, furniture and cabinet making[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. Good-quality veneer and plywood can be obtained from it[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
The wood is sometimes used for fuel[
404- Title
- Digital Compendium of Forestry Species of Cambodia
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com
- Publisher
- www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com; Phnom Penh
- Year
- 2008
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A very detailed booklet, produced in PDF format on the internet, giving information on around 100 species of trees.
].
Propagation
Seed - sow in a light, sandy loam[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. Germination rate is 70%, the seed taking up to six weeks to germinate[
296- Title
- Tropical Food Gardens
- Publication
-
- Author
- Norrington. L.
- Publisher
- Bloomings Books (Melbourne)
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
- 1-876473-41-x
- Description
- Excellent little book giving some basic information on a range of plants.
,
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The seed retains its viability for several months[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
]. The seedlings bear fruits in 5-10 years[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
Greenwood cuttings.
The cuttings taken from mature stems root well[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
], when placed over strong moist heat[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
Air layering. Takes 4 - 7 months[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].
Grafting. Grafted trees have been known to commence bearing in their first year[
306- Title
- Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP Publication 2001/26
- Publication
-
- Author
- Suranant Subhadrabandhu
- Website
- http://www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdf
- Publisher
- F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok.
- Year
- 2001
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A detailed report on 35 fruit species that could have potential for increased production in Thailand. The report can be downloadd as a PDF from the internet.
].