Common Name:

General Information

Camellia yunnanensis is an evergreen shrub or a tree; it usually grows from 1 - 5 metres tall, occasionally reaching 7.5 metres[].
The plant is harvested from the wild and also cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. It is often grown as an ornamental.
Camellia yunnanensis has a large range and it has been described as 'common', although the population size and trend are not known. Direct threats to the species have not yet been identified. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2013)[].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

,

Range

E. Asia - southern China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)

Habitat

Mixed forest and open scrub, open thickets, pine forests and lauraceous woods; at elevations from 1,100 - 3,200 metres[, ].

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Edibility Rating
Habit	Evergreen Shrub
Height	3.60 m
Pollinators	Bees
Self-fertile	No
Cultivation Status	Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Camellia species are found mainly in the warm temperate to subtropical regions of southern China, and most species experience mild winters with few frosts plus wet summers[]. Camellia yunnanensis can tolerate temperatures down to about -10°c and succeeds outdoors in the milder areas of the temperate zone[]. It also grows well in subtropical areas and should succeed, at least at higher elevations, in the tropics[].
Species in this genus generally prefer a peaty, more or less lime-free soil with a pH in the range 5 - 7, but most will grow well in an open loam to which ample leaf-mould has been added, so long as it is well-drained and lime-free. Most species are understorey plants in forests (preferably oak or pine) and prefer a warm, sheltered position with moderate shade; at least at the hottest time of day[, ]. Requires a position sheltered from strong winds[].
Plants are not very self-compatible, self-fertilized flowers produce few seeds and these are of low viability[].
This species is used widely as an ornamental plant. It is considered to have a good tree shape because of good branching.

Edible Uses

An oil is obtained from the seed[].
The purplish red to purplish brown, globose to oblate capsule is 40 - 60mm in diameter, 3 - 5- loculed with 2 or 3 brown, globose to semiglobose seeds around 10 - 16mm in diameter per locule[].

Medicinal

None known

Other Uses

In China, there is interest in using this species as a breeding material to make fragrant cultivars[].

The oil obtained from the seed of this species is likely to be very similar in quality to that obtained from Camellia oleifera. The uses of that oil are as follows:-
The seed contains 40 - 50% of a non-drying oil. The oil consists mainly of oleic acid. It is not subject to polymerize nor to oxidize, nor does it form solids at low temperatures[]. The oil has a wide range of applications. It is a good raw material for industrial uses, it is used as an illuminant, in making textiles and in the manufacture of items such as soap, margarine, hair oil, lubricants, inks and paint. It is also used in the synthesis of other high-molecular weight compounds, and to make a rustproof coating for metals. It is often used medicinally and in cosmetics in items such as skin creams and anti-wrinkle compounds[, , , , , ].
Various compounds are extracted from the seeds once the oil has been removed. These include saponins (used an emulsifying agent in pesticides, for foam-forming fire extinguishers and in detergents), tannins and pentosan[].
The seed cake has insecticidal activity, and has been proven to give effective control over a range of pests[, ].

Propagation

Seed - can be sown as soon as it is ripe[]. Stored seed should be pre-soaked for 24 hours in warm water and the hard covering around the micropyle should be filed down to leave a thin covering[, , ]. It usually germinates in 1 - 3 months at 23°c[]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in light shade. Plant them out into their permanent positions when they are more than 15cm tall. Seedlings take 4 - 12 years before they start to produce seed[]. There are approximately 500 seeds per kilo[].
Cuttings of almost ripe wood, 10 - 15cm with a heel, in a shaded frame. High percentage but slow[].
Cuttings of firm wood, 7 - 10cm with a heel, in a frame[, ].
Leaf-bud cuttings in a frame.

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