Common Name: Burkea

General Information

Burkea africana is an attractive, deciduous shrub or tree, usually with a flat, spreading crown[, , , ]. It ranges considerably in habit - usually growing up to 10 metres tall, it is sometimes no more than a low shrub, whilst exceptional specimens can be up to 20 metres[, , ]. The bole can be straight, about 80cm in diameter and free of branches for up to 7 metres[].
A multipurpose tree, it is widely harvested from the wild for its various local uses. It is particularly valued for its medicinal applications, and is often sold in local markets for this purpose, but it also supplies food and a range of materials. An ornamental plant, it is sometimes grown as a street tree[, , ].

Known Hazards

The bark contains alkaloids and is poisonous to grazing animals[]. The pounded bark is used to stupefy fish[].
The foliage is toxic to grazing animals[].

Botanical References

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Range

Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Uganda, south to Namibia, Botswana and northern S. Africa.

Habitat

In sandy soils in deciduous woodland and in wooded grassland at elevations from 40 - 1,740 metres[, ].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Deciduous Tree
Height	10.00 m
Pollinators	Bees
Cultivation Status	Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

A plant of the moist to semi arid tropics, where it is found at elevations from near sea level to 1,740 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 14 - 36°c, but can tolerate 8 - 44°c[]. Mature plants can be killed by temperatures of -8°c or lower, but young growth can be severely damaged at 0°c[]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 650 - 850mm, but tolerates 600 - 900mm[]. The mean annual rainfall in its area of distribution is 1,000 - 1,200mm[].
The plant shows a strong preference for deep, loose, sandy soil[]. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 7, tolerating 4.5 - 7.5[].
The root system is often shallow and can extend for many metres from the bole[].
Young trees reach sexual maturity when the bole diameter is about 12.5 cm[].
Plants with a bole diameter of 12.5cm or more generally recover after forest fires, being protected by the thickness of their bark[, ].
Trees usually respond well to coppicing[].

Edible Uses

An edible gum is produced from the stem[].

Tender young leaves - cooked and eaten as a vegetable[]. The leaves are used as a condiment[]. The leaves are only used very rarely[].

Young flowers are eaten in sauces[].

Medicinal

The bark, roots and leaves are commonly used in traditional medicine[].

The bark is used to treat fevers, coughs, colds, catarrh, pneumonia, stomach obstruction, menorrhoea, headaches, inflammation of tongue and gums, poisoning and skin diseases[, ]. The pounded bark is used as an arrow poison antidote[].
The powdered bark is applied externally to ulcers and wounds, and to treat scabies[].

An infusion (of the bark?[]) is used as a treatment against gonorrhoea and syphilis[].

The gum is aphrodisiac[].

The roots are used to treat stomach-ache, abscesses, oedema, epilepsy, bloody diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, syphilis and toothache[]. They have also been used as antidote against arrow poison[].

The leaves are used in the treatment of fever, headache, epilepsy, ascites and conjunctivitis[].

Other Uses

A dark coloured soluble gum is obtained from the stem[]. It is of fair quality[].

The roots, bark and seedpods are a source of tannins[, , ].
A black dye is obtained from the bark[]. The bark is used as a dye to make the roots of Combretum zeyheri become grey to blackish; these roots are then woven into baskets[].

The twigs are used as chewing sticks in order to clean the teeth and maintain healthy gums[]. The twigs showed antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of bacteria and fungi; this supports the use as chewing-stick for dental care[].

The heartwood is reddish-brown to dark brown, the sapwood light brown with concentric rows filled with gum looking like annual rings[]. The grain is interlocked or wavy; texture fine to moderately fine and even; the wood is lustrous and displays a nice stripe figure[]. The wood is hard, heavy and durable. It is not difficult to saw, but difficult to work with hand tools, amenable to a fine polish but liable to split on nailing[, ]. It has a variable resistance to insect/borers[]. The wood is used for poles (e.g. For heavy construction and fences), parquet flooring, furniture, railway sleepers, utensils such as mortars, tool handles, drums and other musical instruments such as xylophones and balafons. It has been claimed by wagon makers that the wood is the best for making hubs because it does not shrink or split. It is also suitable for joinery, interior trim, ship building, mine props, sporting goods, toys, novelties, draining boards, carving and turnery[, ].
The wood makes a good fuel and charcoal[]. It has been used commonly for iron smelting because of the hot flame and little ash produced[].

Propagation

Seed - it often has a low germination rate, and the germination time is very variable, from 10 days to 6 months or more[]. Because it has a hard seedcoat, it may benefit from scarification before sowing to speed up germination. This can usually be done by pouring a small amount of nearly boiling water on the seeds (being careful not to cook them!) and then soaking them for 12 - 24 hours in warm water. By this time they should have imbibed moisture and swollen - if they have not, then carefully make a nick in the seedcoat (being careful not to damage the embryo) and soak for a further 12 hours before sowing[]. It has been reported that seedlings often die off in the seed tray or when transplanted. However, experiments showed that if the seedlings are transplanted into a well-drained, sandy soil with superphosphate, the rates of survival can be quite high. Seedlings should be given 70 - 80% shade and water once every week. Red sandy soil gives the best results[].
Cuttings produce leaves and shoots that often soon die off[].

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